Orthodontic treatment has evolved considerably over the past two decades with the introduction of clear aligner systems as an alternative to conventional fixed appliances. While traditional orthodontic treatment using metal or ceramic brackets remains the gold standard for managing complex malocclusions, clear aligners have gained widespread popularity due to superior aesthetics, enhanced comfort, and improved oral hygiene maintenance. This study provides a comprehensive comparison between clear aligners and conventional orthodontic treatment, focusing on treatment effectiveness, efficiency, patient satisfaction, oral health outcomes, limitations, and future developments. A review of current literature, clinical studies, and evidence-based findings demonstrates that clear aligners offer significant advantages in aesthetics, comfort, and oral hygiene, whereas conventional fixed appliances remain more effective in managing severe orthodontic discrepancies and complex tooth movements. The findings suggest that treatment selection should be individualized based on patient characteristics, treatment objectives, and clinical complexity. Advances in digital orthodontics and artificial intelligence are expected to further improve the effectiveness of aligner therapy in the future.