Diabetes and Periodontal Disease Interactions: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Contemporary Management Strategies

doi:N/A

Global Journal of Dental Specialty

2025, Volume 3, Issue 1 : 1-8

Research Article

Diabetes and Periodontal Disease Interactions: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Contemporary Management Strategies

Sarah K. Thompson

Michael R. Anderson

David J. Wilson

Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Global Dental Research Institute, London, United Kingdom

Department of Endocrinology and Oral-Systemic Health Research, International Medical and Dental University, Singapore

Department of Periodontal Research and Clinical Sciences, Metropolitan University School of Dentistry, New York, USA

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are among the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide and share a complex bidirectional relationship. Mounting evidence indicates that diabetes increases the risk, severity, and progression of periodontal disease, while periodontal inflammation adversely affects glycemic control and diabetic complications. Hyperglycemia contributes to periodontal tissue destruction through immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, microvascular dysfunction, and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Conversely, periodontal disease promotes systemic inflammation through elevated cytokine production, thereby increasing insulin resistance and worsening metabolic control. This review comprehensively examines the biological mechanisms linking diabetes and periodontal disease, epidemiological evidence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic considerations, treatment outcomes, and future directions. Current research highlights the importance of integrated medical-dental management to improve both periodontal and metabolic outcomes. Advances in precision medicine, microbiome research, biomarker discovery, and digital healthcare technologies are expected to further strengthen interdisciplinary management strategies.

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus

Periodontal Disease

Oral-Systemic Health

Glycemic Control

Inflammation

Advanced Glycation End Products

Periodontitis

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