Abstract

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) represent a group of oral mucosal lesions associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Early diagnosis and timely intervention are critical for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with oral cancer. Despite advances in diagnostic technologies, delayed detection remains a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries where tobacco and areca nut consumption are prevalent. This study reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, and emerging technologies associated with the early diagnosis of OPMDs. A qualitative review of current literature, clinical guidelines, and recent research findings was conducted to evaluate diagnostic approaches and their effectiveness. Findings indicate that conventional oral examination, adjunctive diagnostic aids, biopsy, molecular biomarkers, artificial intelligence-assisted screening, and optical imaging technologies significantly improve early detection rates. The study concludes that comprehensive screening programs, clinician awareness, and technological innovations are essential for improving outcomes and preventing malignant transformation.