Nutrition plays a critical role in the growth, development, and maintenance of oral tissues during childhood. Adequate intake of essential nutrients contributes to healthy tooth formation, periodontal integrity, immune function, and overall oral health, whereas nutritional deficiencies and unhealthy dietary habits increase the risk of dental caries, enamel defects, periodontal diseases, and delayed oral development. Pediatric oral health is influenced by both prenatal and postnatal nutritional factors, including breastfeeding practices, micronutrient intake, dietary patterns, and sugar consumption. The increasing prevalence of processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages has contributed significantly to the global burden of oral diseases among children. This review examines the relationship between nutrition and pediatric oral health, highlighting the role of macronutrients, micronutrients, feeding practices, dietary behaviors, preventive nutritional strategies, and emerging approaches in nutritional dentistry. Current evidence demonstrates that nutritional interventions can significantly improve oral health outcomes and contribute to lifelong oral disease prevention.