Impacted third molars, commonly known as wisdom teeth, are among the most frequently encountered clinical conditions in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Impaction occurs when a tooth fails to erupt into the dental arch within the expected developmental period due to lack of space, abnormal angulation, or physical obstruction. Impacted third molars may remain asymptomatic or lead to complications such as pericoronitis, dental caries, periodontal disease, cyst formation, root resorption, and odontogenic infections. The management of impacted third molars remains a topic of clinical significance and debate, particularly regarding prophylactic removal versus conservative monitoring. This study reviews the etiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment options, surgical procedures, complications, and emerging trends in the management of impacted third molars. A comprehensive review of contemporary literature, clinical guidelines, and evidence-based surgical practices was conducted. Findings indicate that individualized treatment planning based on clinical and radiographic evaluation remains essential for achieving optimal patient outcomes. The study concludes that timely diagnosis, appropriate surgical intervention, and postoperative management are critical for minimizing complications and improving patient quality of life.