Minimally invasive dentistry (MID) has emerged as a transformative philosophy in pediatric dental care, emphasizing early disease detection, prevention, preservation of healthy tooth structure, and patient-centered treatment approaches. Traditional restorative dentistry often relied on extensive removal of dental tissues, whereas minimally invasive techniques prioritize biological management of dental caries and oral diseases while maximizing tooth preservation. In children, MID offers significant advantages, including reduced anxiety, improved cooperation, decreased need for local anesthesia, preservation of pulp vitality, and enhanced long-term oral health outcomes. This review explores the principles, techniques, materials, clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and future developments of minimally invasive dentistry in pediatric patients. Current evidence supports the effectiveness of approaches such as silver diamine fluoride, atraumatic restorative treatment, sealants, resin infiltration, Hall technique, selective caries removal, and minimally invasive pulp therapy. Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, biomimetic materials, digital diagnostics, and regenerative dentistry are expected to further enhance pediatric oral healthcare.